For manifest variables with additive noise and for a given number of latent variables with an assumed distribution, we propose to nonparametrically estimate the association between latent and manifest variables. Our estimation is a two step procedure: First it employs standard factor analysis to...

For manifest variables with additive noise and for a given number of latent variables with an assumed distribution, we propose to nonparametrically estimate the association between latent and manifest variables. Our estimation is a two step procedure: first it employs standard factor analysis to...

This paper investigates whether a common factor, which can be interpreted as a shadow carbon price, can be extracted from price series in 13 major national and subnational emission trading systems (ETSs). For this purpose, we estimate a dynamic factor model accounting for information...