In developing countries, women's decisions concerning their children's health depend on 'empowerment' concerning decision-making, husband/partner's use of violence, woman's attitude towards this violence, available information, and resources. We derive an empowerment indicator using the 'fuzzy...

There is conceptually a big difference between inequality of opportunity and inequality of outcomes, and the policies needed to address the two different kinds of inequality are also very different. However, it is difficult to measure inequality of opportunity. This paper proposes a new measure...

This paper uses the severe economic crisis in Turkey in 2008 as a quasi-experiment to evaluate the impact of worsening economic conditions during pregnancy on birth outcomes. Exploiting the temporal and spatial variations in economic hardship across provinces, we show that the deep economic...