This paper investigates household access to consumer credit in the UK using information on 58,642 households between 2001 and 2009. Employing a treatment effects model and propensity score matching, we find that non-white households are less likely to have financing compared to white households....

We use a bivariate probit model with sample selection to investigate the factors affecting financial exclusion of Bolivian households. We find evidence that for heads of households, being female and indigenous is likely to result in exclusion from formal credit mechanisms, though being employed...