The growing trade conflict with the United States has heightened concerns on the progress of China’s economic rebalancing and restructuring from export-led growth strategy to one propelled by domestic consumption. This article examines the role of exports in China’s economic growth in both...

We employ parametric forms of directional distance functions to obtain shadow prices of bank equity capital for listed and unlisted banks. We exploit cost, revenue and profit maximisation as the optimisation criteria to derive pricing rules, which allow us to find shadow prices for both inputs...