Persisting global crises, such as COVID-19, pose significant challenges for international companies. The increase in uncertainty and instability in foreign markets has profoundly affected firms' strategic decisions, forcing them to adapt to dynamic conditions in order to maintain or improve...

The COVID-19 pandemic was a health, economic, and financial crisis. The aviation sector was one of the most severely hit. Despite the extensive literature on this, COVID-Finance has been focused on stock returns, neglecting what could be learnt from the spreads of airlines' credit default swaps...