We examine the resilience of green bonds to the COVID-19 shock through the lens of institutional investors’ holdings. We show that, during the pandemic outbreak, green bonds experienced lower net sales, on average, than equivalent conventional bonds, while no significant differences emerge...

Using data on institutional investor holdings, we investigate the resilience of green bonds to the COVID-19 shock in a difference-in-differences framework. We find that, during the pandemic outbreak, green bonds experienced lower sales, on average, than equivalent conventional bonds, while no...

This paper develops a financial network, designated the “Macro-Network”, that depicts the connections between the main financial and non-financial sectors of the economy in the various financial instruments of the euro area. The Macro-Network comprises of linkages across financial and...

This paper uses domestic and cross-border linkages to measure the interconnectedness of the banking sector, and relates it to banking crises in Europe. Beyond cross-border financial linkages of the banking sector, we also account for financial linkages to the other main financial and...