This paper briefly discusses the causes of the 2007-09 financial crisis and the extent to which the systemic risk that buffeted this crisis was linked to excessive leverage. It then focuses on what is needed for a healthy financial system that has a relatively low probability of a systemic...

This paper studies the impact of political intervention on a financial system that consists of banks and financial markets and develops over time. In this financial system, banks and markets exhibit three forms of interaction: they compete, they complement each other, and they co-evolve....

The paper studies the impact of political intervention on a financial system that consists of banks and financial markets and develops over time. In this financial system, banks and markets exhibit three forms of interaction: they compete, they complement each other, and they co-evolve....

We study how financial system architecture evolves through the development of banks and financial markets. The predominant existing view is that banks and markets compete, which often contradicts actual patterns of development. We show that banks and markets exhibit three forms of interaction:...