The paper tries to measure institutional change in the banking industry, taking the case of Russia in 1991-2016. I put forward a set of metrics featuring the actors and the relevance of banking for the economy. At the first stage, the communist-era credit system falls apart as do coordination...

We undertook an institutional analysis of commercial banks in Russia. After the failed experiment with private financial intermediation in the 1990s, Russia migrated towards a banking system consisting of three — rather than two — tiers and featuring core institutions controlled by the state...

In 1999, the Studies on Russian Economic Development published an article comparing the Russian model of banking with the Chinese one [Speranskaya, 1999]. The author looks at government banking and the relevance of banks for the non-financial economy and concludes that banking models in China...

We examine the structure, governance, and balance sheets of state-controlled banks in Russia, which accounted for over 55 percent of the total assets in the country's banking system in early 2011. The author offers a credible estimate of the size of the country's state banking sector by...