a phenomenon in Germany for decades. As an institutional response, most German states implemented bailouts to restore … local public finances. This chapter gives a brief description of the history of municipal bailouts in Germany. We begin with … the first small bailout programme in North Rhine-Westphalia during the 1980s. In the aftermath of the global financial …

“bailouts” - to address fiscal imbalances. Yet these bailouts have their own problems, including creating an incentive for … states not to establish adequate rainy day funds, which in turn increases the likelihood of future bailout demands. To escape …

bubble in USA. Owing to public bailouts, this finance capital did not lose so much after the bubble bursts. However, the … bailouts created serious problems for state budgets, which were already poor as a consequence of the tax race to the bottom …