This paper assesses and tests the response of banks operating in financial centers to the financial crisis by investigating the actual productivity change and its components — pure efficiency change, scale efficiency change and technological change (innovation). The heterogeneity in the...

Diversified and focused business models may affect foreign bank efficiency differently. We investigate whether there is an optimal business model along three business dimensions—assets, funding and income—and which business model is optimal for foreign banks in a financial center. We apply...