Prices and returns are alternative ways to present information and to elicit expectations in financial markets. But do investors think of prices and returns in the same way? We present three studies with subjects having various levels of expertise, amount of information, and different incentive...

Combining recent empirical findings on the usefulness of financial literacy for investment decisions and literature from psychology, we argue that the behavior of people with a high level of financial literacy might depend on the prevalence of the two thinking styles according to dual-process...

We analyze whether the diversification discount is driven by the book value bias of corporate debt. Book values of debt may be a more downward biased proxy of the market value of debt for diversified firms, relative to undiversified firms, as diversification leads to lower firm risk. Thus,...