The rise of the crypto-asset market has opened up a number of questions on their benefits and risks. As a new form of virtual property, cryptocurrencies and tokens of investment nature are characterized by specific technological infrastructure. In order to understand the regulatory perspective...

The financial crisis has revealed the vulnerabilities of the international financial system. In particular, a broad consensus has emerged around the view that an inadequate regulatory framework and a fragmented supervisory architecture has not only been at the root of the problem but in many...

Reforms of financial regulation after the crisis of 2007-2009 raise the question of what is the relation between financial regulators and competition authorities. Should competition authorities play a role in financial regulation? Should they co-operate with financial regulators? Or should they...

European Union (EU) countries offer a unique experience of financial regulatory and supervisory integration, complementing various other European integration efforts following the Second World War. Financial regulatory and supervisory integration was a very slow process before 2008, despite...

This Handbook aims to assist macroprudential authorities in the European Union (EU) to operationalise instruments set out in the prudential rules for the EU banking sector. While some of the rules - commonly referred to as the Capital Requirements Directive (CRD IV) and the Capital Requirements...