Subsidiaries of Multinational Enterprises (MNE) located in Flanders have been an important source of innovation and growth for the region. However, new trends in the global environment, including the rapid rise of emerging countries, have fundamentally affected the position of Flanders for...

With the emergence of global value chains (GVCs), production processes are increasingly fragmented and dispersed across different countries. Although many MNEs still exhibit an important ‘home bias’ in their global innovation activities, a growing number of firms have offshored R&D and...