There is an expanding necessity in current times for more robust expense management as well as a need for higher returns in companies. The use of Information & Communication Technology (ICT) to get a competitive advantage has gained immense attention within organizations in a rapidly globalizing...

The past decades witnessed a broad trend towards flatter organizations with less hierarchical layers. A reduction of the number of management levels in a corporation can have both positive and negative effects on firm performance with the net effect being theoretically unclear ex ante. The...