Prior studies often examine the association between performance and various measures of incentive strength. We argue that target difficulty is another important but often overlooked driver of managerial performance. Using data on earnings targets in annual bonus plans, we construct and validate...

Under the Chinese Government’s “Internet plus” – a quinquennial plan to encompass big data, cloud computing, and the Internet of Things (IoT) with a broad range of industries, electronic commerce platforms segmenting the B2B market jumped on the occasion to facilitate user firms’...