There are various valuation methodologies applicable to both the financial evaluation of projects as to the valuation of companies. First, have developed methods of Discounted Cash Flows (DCF), which allow discounting, or bring to present value, a series of projected future cash flows over time....

This paper presents the analytic derivation of non-circular formulae for the calculation of Levered Enterprise Value and Weighted Average Cost of Capital in the Capital Cash Flow valuation framework. In addition, obtained expressions lead to valuation results that are in exact agreement with...

Company valuation using discounted cash flows is based on the valuation of the Government bonds: it consists of applying the procedure used to value the Government bonds to the debt and shares of a company. This is easy to understand (sections 1, 2 and 3). But company valuation is complicated by...

This is an annotated appendix that accompanies the paper. In this note, we provide detailed commentary on a numerical example that illustrates the ideas that we discuss in the main paper. The numerical example is in Table18.10, Chapter 8, page 656, of the third edition of Corporate Finance,...

In this note, we extend a numerical example in the textbook by Berk & DeMarzo that matches methods for only when K_TS is equal to K_D. We show that there is a generalized formulation for the return to levered equity K_E that works for any value of K_TS, the appropriate discount rate for the tax...

In this paper we propose an analytical solution to the circularity problem between value and cost of capital. Our solution is derived starting from a central principle of finance that relates value today to value, cash flow, and the discount rate for next period. We derive a general formulation...

This paper shows 10 valuation methods based on equity cash flow; free cash flow; capital cash flow; APV (Adjusted Present Value); business's risk-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; risk-free rate-adjusted free cash flow and equity cash flow; economic profit; and...

In this note, we discuss two fundamental principles for Cash Flow Valuation (CFV). We hope that adherence to these two principles will improve the practice of CFV. These principles are general, relatively uncontroversial, and should be acceptable as starting points for cash flow valuation....

To value shares there are two usual methods that, if properly applied, provide the same value: 1/ Present value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtract the value of debt; and 2/ Present value of expected equity cash flows (ECF) discounted with the Ke...

This paper presents a real valuation performed by a well-known investment bank, with two common errors and with two very different values for the equity of a firm:a) €6,9 million calculating the Present Value of expected free cash flows (FCF) discounted with the WACC rate and then, subtracting...