We introduce and test a firm-level innovation-efficiency measure new to the finance literature. The measure, RQ, defined as the firm-specific output elasticity of R&D, was first developed in the management literature. RQ has low correlation with existing innovation input, output and efficiency...

We construct size and value factors in China. The size factor excludes the smallest 30% of firms, which are companies valued significantly as potential shells in reverse mergers that circumvent tight IPO constraints. The value factor is based on the earnings-price ratio, which subsumes the...

We construct size and value factors in China. The size factor excludes the smallest 30% of firms, which are companies valued significantly as potential shells in reverse mergers that circumvent tight IPO constraints. The value factor is based on the earnings-price ratio, which subsumes the...