The maximum likelihood estimator for the regression coefficients, β, in a panel binary response model with fixed …) bias in β^. We add to this literature in two important ways. First, we focus on estimation of the fixed effects proper, as … these have become increasingly important in applied work. Second, we build on a bias-reduction approach originally developed …

Measuring bias is important as it helps identify flaws in quantitative forecasting methods or judgmental forecasts. It … can, therefore, potentially help improve forecasts. Despite this, bias tends to be under represented in the literature …: many studies focus solely on measuring accuracy. Methods for assessing bias in single series are relatively well known and …