The chapter seeks to provide a better understanding and contextualization of the highly dynamic field of digital trade rulemaking driven by free trade agreements (FTAs). The analytical lens is directed in particular towards the more recent and advanced models of digital trade rulemaking, such as...

The chapter explores the far-reaching effects of the digital transformation on trade and trade law. It first sketches the state of affairs under the multilateral forum of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and, second, analyzes the more de- liberate regulatory responses to the challenges of...

This is a contribution to the AJIL Unbound Symposium on digital trade and international law. The essay unveils the fluidity of the topic of digital trade—both from a technological and a policy-legal perspective and addresses the questions of what “digital trade” is and more importantly how...

In the face of new technological developments triggered by the process of digitization and more recently, the increased importance of data to societies, the European Union (EU) has updated its approach in external trade policy. Key changes have been made in particular in the dedicated electronic...