Using data for more than 800 college and university endowment funds over 2003-2011, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the spending policies used in practice as well as how frequently and why those mandates are revised over time. Given the long-term and relatively static nature of the...

The investment decision confronting managers of multi-asset class portfolios can be characterized in terms of the passive (i.e., benchmark or policy) and active (i.e., market timing and security selection) strategies they adopt. In this paper, we investigate whether managers select the...

The process of risk management for institutional investors faces two challenges. First, since most institutions are decentralized in contrast to being direct investors in assets, it is difficult to separate the risks of the assets in the portfolio from the risks generated by the investment...