By analyzing vertical intra-industry trade (VIIT) within Portugal's automobile parts and components industry, this study adds new empirical evidence for the international fragmentation of the production process. For trade partner countries, we choose the EU countries, the BRICs, and the US...

This study contributes to the existing empirical investigation of international trade by providing new evidence of intra-industry trade using sub-regions within a nation. We calculate the Grubel–Lloyd intra-industry trade index for 41 Japanese regions with Korea during the period from 1988 to...

We aim to investigate transition and trend of outsourcing production among Asian Economies. With the use of highly-disaggregated Harmonized System (HS) classification code dataset, we can investigate narrowly-defined intermediate manufacturing products within automobile industry. By calculating...

This paper contributes to the existing empirical investigation of Japan-Korea international trade by providing new evidence of intra-industry trade between Korea and Japanese sub-regions. Taking advantage of a Japanese international trade dataset disaggregated by sub-regions, we calculate the...