Type of Paper: Exploratory, descriptive, case study Objectives: In the wake of the global crisis, the role of the financial markets is being questioned and new forms of social innovations focusing on stakeholder governance and cooperation are being experimented. This paper looks into one such...

One way by which microentrepreneurs can increase their ability to take debt is to take equity alongside, thus respecting prudent ratios and reducing stress. But microequity has not developed in most of the developing world. At the same time, since 1983, microequity has been started in France...

The globalization of financial markets has required the use of common reporting standards, notably the IFRSs. These are impacting the accounting systems of many countries. However, accounting systems are also often used for national tax reporting. This creates a divergence in the reporting needs...

The failures of the socialist model, evidenced by high unemployment, have led France to reorient itself towards more enterprise creation. These entrepreneurial ventures require financing. However, bankers do not want to assume the high risk of newly created enterprises. Moreover, small...