The mission of the French High Commission for Pension Reform is to prepare the reform introducing a universal pension …

.g., to pension and labor market reform. This paper sheds light on such reactions in three large Continental European … countries. France, Germany, and Italy have large pay-as-you-go pension systems and vulnerable labor markets. At the same time …, these countries show remarkable resistance against pension and labor market reform. Key issues taken up in this paper are …

the effects of a French pension reform on spouses' employment decisions. We use labor-force survey data, pooled over …'s unobserved heterogeneity. We conclude that the reform immediately reduced both spouses' retirement probability. The wife …'s retirement probability also drops by 1 to 4 percentage points if the husband is hit by the reform, and vice-versa. Instrumenting …