In a tournament, competitors may have the incentive to engage in undesirable activities, or cheating, in order to gain an advantage. Examples of such activities include the taking of steroids, plagiarism, and quot;creative accountingquot;. This paper considers the problem of deterrence of such...

We provide a framework for analyzing collective action in contentious contexts such as protests or revolutions when individuals are uncertain about the relative payoffs of the status quo and revolution. We model the "calculus of protest" of individuals who must decide whether to submit to the...