Based on a result due to Ray and Vohra showing the possibility of inefficiency due to a coalition formation in an international emission reduction game, we consider a possibility of negotiation preceding the negotiation stage, and by means of an example, indicate that the efficiency is restored....

This paper considers general bargaining outcomes under coalition structures formed by an external patent holder and firms in oligopoly markets. The main propositions are as follows. For each coalition structure, the kernel is a singleton; thus, the number of licensees that maximizes the patent...