We model how individual preferences are shaped by strategic reciprocity choices. Our model accounts for heterogeneous players — with intrinsic altruistic, selfish or spiteful preferences — who randomly engage in short-run, as well as long-run, pair- wise interactions. To disentangle the...

Using experiments in which participants play the role of polluting firms, we study compliance behavior with emissions limits under two types of fines and two different regulatory instruments. We find that the market price of pollution permits and the probability of violating permits holdings are...