This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand. In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract, the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market...

Allowing consumer returns via money-back guarantees (MBGs) is a common practice among retailers to encourage consumer purchases. Although the existing literature emphasizes the usefulness of MBGs, little is known about why retailers adopt different return policies and how their bargaining power...