This paper considers a modified principal-agent environment, where principals have options to either incentivize agents, or trigger agents' reciprocity. Because the production is uncertain, principals' fixed rate transfer can be easily interpreted as good intention. Theory suggests that...

This paper examines self-enforcing International Environmental Agreements (IEAs) in an open economy environment. Using an extended model of Barrett (1994), we show that: (i) equilibrium tariff is positive; (ii) the endogenously determined size and the effectiveness of an multilateral IEA are the...