Smart grids can be described as a new generation of smart power networks that integrate actions coming from all connected end-users. This infrastructure provides bidirectional communications between end-users and the grid operator, and therefore extends the attack surface against the power...

The question of third-party access to the networks has become central to the debate around the liberalisation of the European electricity markets due to the natural monopoly characteristic of the transmission network. The European Union's electricity directive provides three institutional...