Aristotle, followed by Augustine, Aquinas, and Adam Smith, recognized, to a lesser or greater degree, that the ownership and control of private property (wealth, money, riches) is an initial, necessary condition to be able to put one's self in a position to help others in need. A person is or...

In spite of the detailed work, done by Keynes in 1908 ,1921,and 1936 in his second Fellowship dissertation for Cambridge University, A Treatise on Probability, and the General Theory, respectively ,and by Knight in 1921 in Risk, Uncertainty and Profit ,that argued convincingly that uncertainty...

Alan Greenspan's approach to dealing with the problem of uncertainty, as opposed to risk, appears to be extremely close to the approach advocated by J.M. Keynes himself in both the A Treatise on Probability (1921) and General Theory (1936). Greenspan provides an improved, general definition of...

A monetary approach that combines Chartalism, Nominalism, and Command origins of monetary systems is often deemed to have emerged only recently, while the Aristotelian approach (Commodity, Metallism, and Market origins of monetary systems) is the only one that existed until the end of the...

The global governance of large corporations or corporate governmentality changed over time through the penetration of the economy in all aspects of society but which has shaped the monetary system as an integral part of corporate governmentality and which gave it a big push in the last forty...

The theory and practice of stabilization policy has taken many turns as it evolved over the past century, oscillating between high hopes and deep skepticism regarding the capacity - and desirability - of governments taking responsibility for macroeconomic stability. This paper reviews the...

Walras' Law is one of the most important tenets of Neo-liberal economics. It is supposed to be a Tautological Identity according to which disequilibrium in market economies has a compensatory nature. Hence, disequilibrium in any market would imply an opposite imbalance somewhere else in the...

IT progress and its application to the financial industry have inspired central banks and academics to reflect about the merits of central bank digital currencies (CBDC) accessible to the broad public. This paper first briefly recalls the advantages that have been associated with CBDC and...

The theoretical foundation of inflation targeting was laid out by the Swedish economist Knut Wicksell (1851-1926) in his groundbreaking treatise, Interest and Prices, published originally in German in 1898. Here he proposed price stability as the rule for monetary policy. Today, inflation...