gender gap using OLS regression and school fixed-effect models for each grade separately. Our results show that girls … consistently lower than those of boys at all school years, even conditional on previous scores. …

public and private schools. Attending a private subsidized school is associated with increased standardized test scores, but … the apparent impact is relatively small. Controlling for school choice using a supply-side instrument (school availability … at community level) implies substantially larger impacts of the voucher system. The effect of parents' education on …

increase in single-parent households may be contributing to the growing gender gap in education, as boys are more vulnerable to … studies that boys are relatively more likely to experience problems in school, including school suspensions, when their father …

in education. This paper documents the effectiveness of a multifaceted educational program, pursuing these three … students' school participation and academic performance over two years, while also examining heterogeneous impacts and ….7 percent in the second), reducing gender gaps in school retention. The findings show large learning gains of 0.323 standard …