, nondisclosure agreements, and other legal restrictions on employee exit and voice exacerbate the innovation gender gap. The unequal …

of causal evidence on the potential effectiveness of policies to reduce the gender gap in patenting. Analyzing a … applicants who do not have legal representation, we find heterogeneous causal impacts across gender and technologies on the … technology areas where women had the worst relative outcomes. Our results suggest that a portion of the gender gap in patenting …

, and retention of minority employees. Potential solutions include randomizing task assignments and creating inclusive …

Using detailed administrative data that allow us to hold gender, education, productivity, timeliness, and work quality … constant, we document that minority patent examiners at the U.S. patent office face substantial glass ceilings and pay gaps … Black examiners 41.7% less likely than Whites to be promoted to the highest rank. Consistent with statistical discrimination …

coeducation led to a 44% increase in gender-related research publications. This increase is driven by research focused on female … subjects and gender differences. While coeducation led to a compositional shift with more women and researchers interested in … gender topics, much of the increase comes from male incumbent researchers shifting their research focus toward gender …

We analyze the gender gap in the success of patent application at the USPTO. We leverage quasi-exogeneous variation … patent approval. This gender gap does not seem to be impacted by the gender of the examiner of the application. When we focus …