We construct a general equilibrium model with a protected intermediate sector and analyze the effectiveness of trade reform for a small open economy where bureaucratic corruption arises because of trade protection. Intermediaries are employed by the producers in order to avoid paying the import...

It is well known that high tariffs tend to induce direct foreign investment (DFI) by encouraging the investors to jump the “tariff-wall”. We argue that in the presence of a “tough” local competitor DFI may not be possible but suitable designed joint-ventures (JV) between the local and...

We use the HOS model of international trade to find a link between trading (including domestic trading or retailing) costs and pattern of trade, not just its effect on volume of trade. Even if we use symmetric iceberg type trading costs, unlike conventional unit cost approach, we generate...