Although the Global Financial Crisis raised the profile of risk management (RM) the current framework remains largely ad hoc and descriptive. The research investigates how general systems theory (GST) could contribute to a more rational development of RM. It then conducts a preliminary inquiry...

Property is a dual good. It provides both a variety of housing services and, sometimes, investment returns. Premiums are paid for a complex bundle of relative advantages, risks, and opportunities within idiosyncratic, complex, and evolving metropolis. Factors beyond the urban footprint influence...