. The three approaches considered here are, respectively: first, a "cultural" theory, which understands identities as being … based on ethno-cultural factors generated through a long-term (historical) process; second, an "instrumental" theory, which … identities are compatible. This is, in part, because while national identities are largely "cultural", European identities are …

the establishment of the modern welfare state, as well as significant growth in the area of cultural diversity, including …