Closing the gap between pre-retirement income and retirement income without increasing mandatory social security contributions for the working population has become a policy issue for many countries in the last couple of years. In order to incentivize people to save privately for retirement,...

In order to calculate the burden of a comprehensive and progressive income tax falling on a certain income source, an apportionment scheme for the entire tax burden has to be chosen. This raises the question of how to deal with losses, which is relevant for Germany in view of the heavy losses...