The intraday high-frequency datasets contain several zero returns, which state that no change occurs in two or more consecutive transactions, particularly in the transaction data of in- active securities. In addition, existing approaches to cleaning financial data, such as the previous-tick...

Disaggregated data from 30 two-digit manufacturing industries in the east and west parts of unified Germany are used to estimate employment for three skill categories of blue collar workers. Employment elasticities are uniformly higher in the east, and for unskilled labor. The former result...