Transgender individuals face high levels of discrimination including in healthcare. Lack of adequate legal protections can exacerbate the problem in developing countries. At the same time, low-cost private clinics can mitigate discriminatory practices due to the costs of discrimination. We...

The goal of this paper is to identify key issues concerning the nature of competition in health care markets and its impacts on quality and social welfare and to identify pertinent findings from the theoretical and empirical literature on this topic. The theoretical literature in economics on...