Nutrients from livestock and poultry manure are key sources of water pollution. Ever-growing numbers of animals per farm and per acre have increased the risk of water pollution. New Clean Water Act regulations compel the largest confined animal producers to meet nutrient application standards...

Market-based instruments such as fees or tradable perm its can be used to simultaneously regulate point and non-point sources of pollution discharge into a river However sources of pollution discharge often have more information about their own costs of pollution abatement than do regulators....