There is no generally accepted definition of internationalization or globalization. In the present essay we offer three alternative definitions, in terms of (ii) an enlargement of the set of trading countries, (ii) an enlargement of the set of traded commodities and (iii) the international...

Purpose – We ask how far the Kemp–Wan Pareto-improving result can hold without inter-country transfers. Methodology/approach – Assuming that the standard revenue and expenditure functions exist, we consider tariff adjustments for some group of countries such that they makes member...

Purpose – A free trade agreement (FTA) or a preferential trade agreement (PTA) is almost always negotiated without concessions to the non-member countries. This chapter studies the welfare effects of such an FTA or PTA on the non-member countries. Methodology/approach – This chapter employs...