Describes how the international business system has undergone dramatic changes since Vernon’s life cycle model in 1966 which postulated that international corporations could sell product sequentially ‐ first in the USA, then in Europe, and later in Japan. Other parts of the world would then...

Purpose – This paper aims to analyse the concept of worker identity and the liability of foreignness caused by over‐reliance on expatriate managers and under‐reliance on local managers, and explores the implications for foreign enterprises and global organizational change....