Spatial institutions of government vary greatly across countries. First, some countries adopted a strict vertical hierarchy while some others have a system of autonomous governments. Second, in the case of autonomous governments, spatial scale appears to be negatively associated with government...

For both policy makers and academic researchers it is an important concern whether or not low-income housing will become slum. The central issue of slum in both developing countries and developed countries is the lack of some local public goods such as security and sanitation. Hence, we propose...