This paper develops a complete limit theory for Wald tests of Granger causality in levels vector autoregression (VAR's) and Johansen-type error correction models (ECM's) allowing for the presence of stochastic trends and cointegration. Earlier work by Sims, Stock and Watson (1990) on trivariate...

This paper provides a theoretical overview of Wald tests for Granger causality in levels vector autoregressions (VAR's) and Johansen-type error correction models (ECM's) for VAR models the results for inference are not encouraging. The limit theory typically involves nonstandard distributions...