In this paper we quantify the Cost of Non-Europe, i.e. the trade-related welfare losses that would occur under different scenarios of undoing the European Union. Thirty years after the terminology of Non-Europe was used to give estimates of the gains from further integration, we use modern...

We investigate trade integration between members of the EU, NAFTA and Mercosur. The paper evaluates the ease of access to each of those markets from each other based on a benchmark consisting of trade within countries. This methodology, often labelled border effects, furnishes a new tool for the...

This paper develops a method to measure difficulties in market access over a large set of countries (both developing and developed) and industries, during the period 1980-2006. We use a micro-founded heterogeneous-consumers model to estimate the impact of national borders on global and regional...