Conventional studies of bilateral trade patterns specify a log-normal gravity equation for empirical estimation. However, the log-normal gravity equation suffers from three problems: the bias created by the logarithmic transformation, the failure of the homoscedasticity assumption, and the way...

Policy research analysing Europe's recent focus on place-based development (Barca, 2009) and the regional smart specialisation perspective (McCann and Ortega-Argilés 2011) has been hampered by data deficiencies. This is particularly the case for empirical evidence on interregional relations...

In contemporary literature on changing urban systems, it is often argued that the traditional central place conceptualisation is outdated and should be replaced by a network view that emphasises the increasing criss-crossing pattern of interdependencies between spatial units. This paper tests...