This paper examines the effect of energy costs on industry export competitiveness. Most studies in the literature use direct energy consumption (energy consumption at the final stage of production) and domestic energy prices to compute energy costs faced by domestic industries. Using...

.1 billion a year. Similarly, a carbon tax that unilaterally increases energy prices by 10 percent in the European Union could reduce European Union-wide net manufacturing exports by 1.9 percent annually

This paper examines the effect of energy costs on industry export competitiveness. Most studies in the literature use direct energy consumption (energy consumption at the final stage of production) and domestic energy prices to compute energy costs faced by domestic industries. Using...

The transition to net zero requires full decarbonization of the transport sector, currently one of the leading sources of emissions globally. Transport-related carbon emissions are growing fastest in the developing world. This makes it particularly critical to understand whether low- and...

Solar photovoltaic systems promise both rural access to electricity and reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. During 1992–2009, the World Bank contributed US$790 million to promote the uptake of off-grid solar home systems in 34 developing countries. This paper reviews the experience of the...

Energy transition targets and pathway planning are more important since the declare of carbon peak and carbon neutrality in China. Energy transition is highly relevant with economic and social development, as well as industrial transformation and technological innovation. However, existing...