In this article, we are investigating the effects of macroeconomic variables in terms of natural logarithmic yearly returns of general government revenues and general government total expenditures of Greece. We have applied a Vector Error Correction model, (VEC) a Granger causality and Johansen...

The multiplier effect of rise in incomes and employment is in equilibrium in a free market economy when total injections, (J), equal total withdrawals, (W). When injections do not equal withdrawals, then, there is disequilibrium in the economy. Withdrawals consist of net saving, net taxes and...

According to the IMF subject information, output gap for advanced economies and specifically Greece is calculated as the actual GDP less the potential GDP divided by the potential GDP and expressed as a percentage. Divergence or difference between actual and potential output is known as output...

Credit derivative swap of the Greek market is a financial instrument the value of which is derived from an underlying market value incorporating the credit risk of a bond or a loan. They are used to hedge, to speculate on the spreads through arbitrage. The premium that is incorporated in the...

The business cycle may be caused due to changes in monetary policy of interest rates, fiscal policy, changes in real wages, consumers and suppliers confidence of demand and supply and inventory cycles. This article examines and eliminates time lags and bandwagon effects in the business cycle of...

In this article, we apply the accelerator theory to test the relationship of Gross domestic product, GDP, and total government investments of the Greek economy. In other words, how an increase in national income measured by the GDP affect total government investments in an aggregate level. The...

This article measures the total government indebtedness, total investment and gross national savings of Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, (GIPS). Using data from the International Monetary Fund, IMF, we describe the current situation for the period 2000 to 2018. Macroeconomic indicators such...

In this article, we analyze the effects of the spread risk in terms of basis points from changes in the market prices of callable bond future due to credit risk. Due to the fact that fixed – income securities are debt that is issued and transferred between two parties there is significant...

In this article, we are going to explain and illustrate through examples the effects of integrating the Greek Christian Orthodox religion with the national income, and the marginal utility of the households. Marginal utility is very important concepts in Economics, as it is related to the...