Many studies have attempted to investigate the potential benefits of open innovation. However, the long term effects of openness have yet to be demonstrated, even if few researchers hypothesised that high openness could increase firms' dynamic capabilities and hence their resilience in the face...

By reviewing the practice of tools implementation in the front end of innovation in 12 aerospace companies in Italy and UK, this study proposes an approach to management tools portfolio characterisation and configuration based on contingency theory. The research found that three types of factors...