The Political Dialogue and Cooperation Agreement (PDCA) between the E.U. and Cuba was an important change in the way that the E.U. sought to engage with developing states. PDCA remains an important milestone for European foreign policy. It has become the template for European engagement with...

In a referendum held in the UK on 23 June 2016, 51.9% of the participating electorate voted to leave the European Union. The number of legal questions raised by the referendum are breathtaking. This article tackles two of them: it discusses questions of UK constitutional law involved in deciding...

The Whitehall Briefing (leaked in January but only officially released this month) is not the last word on the potential long-term economic impact of Brexit, despite claims from others that it ‘proves’ GDP will be lower in ‘all’ scenarios. As the report itself says, it is only ‘draft...

We explore the role of the transfers that UK regions received from the European structural and cohesion funds, as well as other economic and social factors, in determining the support for the Remain vote in the Brexit referendum. We find that past European transfers have played virtually no role...

Galvanized by the devastation of the Second World War, European countries achieved a historically unprecedented and unparalleled level of regional economic integration in the postwar period. Intensive cooperation between the two biggest powers of continental Western Europe, France, and Germany,...

During the long process of negotiation after the 2016 Brexit referendum there was a high uncertainty about the final shape of bilateral trade relations between the European Union (EU) and the United Kingdom (UK), especially for particular sectors and firms. Given this context, the paper explores...

In order to be able to assess the future institutional relationship between the UK and the EU, this study organises the relevant facts systematically. This is done by using a framework in which two aspects are compared with each other: On the one hand, the extent of the Single Market access for...

This article deals with the decision taken by the Court of Justice of the European Union in European Commission v. United Kingdom ("Final Losses") (Case C-172/13), published on on the 3 February 2015. This case is in some ways a follow-up to the ECJ's decision in Marks & Spencer (Case C-446/03)...

This study was drafted shortly after the announcement of the referendum by which the United Kingdom decided to leave the European Union. In this article, the authors make a comprehensive assessment of what would be the tax consequences attached the decision. The article is of interest not only...

Auch wenn die Briten die Europäische Union bereits zum 31. Januar 2020 verlassen haben, ist ein "harter Brexit" insofern noch nicht vom Tisch, als sich die beiden Parteien noch nicht auf ein Abkommen über die künftigen wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen geeinigt haben. Die Verhandlungen haben...