Given the debate on transparency in non-equity markets associated with the Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MiFID II), a sound understanding of how these markets operate today is needed to identify potential market failures and to assess the impact of proposed regulatory...

Allegations have been made that High Frequency Traders (HFTs) prey on other market participants and only intermediate trades that would have taken place without their involvement. There are claims that HFTs can predict when orders are going to arrive at different trading venues and trade in...